Advanced Interventional Cardiology – Introduction

Advanced Interventional Cardiology is a specialized field focused on the diagnosis and treatment of complex cardiovascular diseases using minimally invasive, catheter-based techniques. It encompasses cutting-edge procedures such as coronary angioplasty and stenting, structural heart interventions (TAVR, MitraClip), complex coronary interventions (CTO, left main disease), electrophysiology device therapies (CRT-D, ICD implantation), and peripheral vascular interventions. By integrating advanced imaging, innovative devices, and precision techniques, interventional cardiology improves clinical outcomes, reduces recovery time, and offers life-saving options for high-risk patients who are not suitable for conventional surgery.

TYPES OF ADULT CARDIOLOGY PROCEDURES

(Interventional + Diagnostic + Electrophysiology)

1. Coronary (Heart Blockage) Procedures

🔹 Diagnostic

Coronary Angiography (CAG) – Radial / Femoral

Fractional Flow Reserve (FFR)

iFR

IVUS (Intravascular Ultrasound)

OCT (Optical Coherence Tomography)

🔹 Interventional

PTCA (Angioplasty)

Balloon Angioplasty

Drug-Eluting Stent (DES) placement

Bifurcation stenting

Rotablation

IVL (Intravascular Lithotripsy)

Thrombectomy

Chronic Total Occlusion (CTO) PCI

Primary PCI for Acute MI

2. Structural Heart Procedures

🔹 Valve Based

TAVR / TAVI (Aortic valve replacement)

TMVR (Transcatheter mitral valve replacement)

MitraClip (Transcatheter mitral repair)

Tricuspid Valve Repair (TriClip)

Balloon Mitral Valvotomy (BMV)

Balloon Aortic Valvotomy (BAV)

Balloon Pulmonary Valvotomy

🔹 Septal & Defect Closures

ASD device closure

VSD device closure

PDA device closure

PFO closure

Paravalvular leak closure

🔹 Aortic & Vascular

TEVAR (Thoracic endovascular aortic repair)

EVAR (Abdominal endovascular aortic repair)

Aortic coarctation stenting

Aortic aneurysm stent graft

3. Electrophysiology (EP) Procedures

🔹 Diagnostic EP

Electrophysiology study (EPS)

3D mapping (Carto, EnSite, Rhythmia)

🔹 Ablation Procedures

RF ablation (AVNRT, AVRT, Flutter)

Cryoablation (for Atrial Fibrillation)

VT ablation

PVC ablation

🔹 Device Implantations

Permanent Pacemaker (Single / Dual chamber)

CRT-P (Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy – Pacemaker)

CRT-D (Defibrillator + Resynchronization)

ICD (Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator)

Loop Recorder

Temporary Pacemaker (TPM)

4. Heart Failure Procedures

Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy (CRT)

ICD for heart failure

CardioMEMS implantation

LV lead revision

Inotropes + invasive monitoring

5. Peripheral Vascular Interventions

Arterial

Renal artery angioplasty

Carotid artery stenting (CAS)

Peripheral angioplasty

Subclavian artery stenting

Iliac / Femoral angioplasty

Venous

DVT thrombolysis / thrombectomy

IVC filter placement

Venoplasty

Varicose vein ablation

6. Pulmonary Vascular Interventions

Balloon pulmonary angioplasty (for CTEPH)

Pulmonary artery stenting

PDA coil/device closure

7. Rhythm Monitoring & Testing

24-hour Holter

7-day / 14-day Holter

TMT (Treadmill test)

Stress echo

Tilt table test

Event recorder

Zio patch

8. Invasive Hemodynamic Testing

Right heart catheterization

Swan-Ganz catheter

LVEDP measurement

Endomyocardial biopsy

Pulmonary hypertension evaluation

Shunt study (Qp/Qs)

9. Emergency Cardiology

Primary PCI for STEMI

Pericardiocentesis

IABP insertion

ECMO cannulation support (cardiology-led)

Thrombolysis for MI

Temporary pacemaker (TPM)

10. Other Important Cardiac Procedures

Cardioversion (DC shock)

Transesophageal Echocardiography (TEE)

Contrast echo

Stress echo

CT coronary angiography

Cardiac MRI